Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates
Gender Inequality is a long-standing historical and global
problem.In ancient times, many countries in the world exist such Concept , but the practice of Feminist movement have never stopped.Nowadays, all over the world to advocate equality between men and women ,and in fact the situation is become better and better , but many people still Hold onthis concept In the
subconscious.Today ,we are suffering the global financial crisis, the economic downturn, make it more and more difficult for the
college graduates to look for jobs.In this case, it seems unlikely that girls can find a job, because many enterprises and institutions in the recruitment of Discrimination against girls with a variety of reasons.In my opinion, the concept is wrong, equality between the sexes has long been written into national laws of many countries.And there are many outstanding women, take a important roles in the government and enterprises.At present-day society, the ability of women don’t seem to be smaller than men, so we should change our concept of inequality between men and women completely, we should give girls much more opportunities.And our society will become more harmonious and beautiful!
译文：高校毕业生招聘中的性别歧视
性别歧视是一个全球性的、历史长久的问题。在古代，世界上许多国家人民都抱有这样的观念，但是女权运动也从未平息过。
现在，全世界都在倡导男女平等，事实上这种状况也有很大的改观，但许多人潜意识里仍然存在着性别歧视观念。今天，我们正遭受着全球金融危机的冲击，这使得高校毕业生的就业前景雪上加霜。在这种情况下，女生要找到一份工作似乎更加困难，因为许多企事业用各种各样的理由拒绝女生。
在我看来这种观念是错误的，男女平等已经被写入各国法律很久了。现在，有许多杰出女士，担任着各国政府的政要和企业中的重要位置。
在如今社会，女生的能力不一定会比男生弱，所以我们要彻底改变男女不平等的观念，我们要给予女生们更多的机会。这个社会会变得更加和谐、美好
浅谈英语语言中性别歧视
中文摘要
性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法
Abstract
Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language.This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.Key words: English;sex discrimination;causes;methods of eliminating
引言
在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1](P80)从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。
一、性别歧视语言现象
（一）人际称谓
亲昵称谓
在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie;反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)姓名称谓
在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74)当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不仅
应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。
指代称谓
1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr.Lucas and his wife Louise.2）.一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。
英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。
（二）词语发展
首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。
其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。
比如:bat(贱妇,丑妇,妓女);dog(丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人,妓女);chicken(见面熟的年轻女人);cat(恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人);cow(子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人,妓女);mutton(放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女,妓女)。
并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。
比如:trot(老太婆);hen(爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女);warhorse(粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人);crone(干瘪皱皮的老太婆);hag(爱做坏事的老丑妇);witch(老丑妇);biddy(长舌妇);harridan(面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇)。
（三）谚语运用
理性类
宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。
Long hair and short wit.(头发长，见识短)
When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women.(若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树)
言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有：
A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot.（冬天里的风，女子的心胸—变化异常）
Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.（女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态）
婚嫁类
A fair face is half a portion.（姿色艳，嫁妆半）
When the candles are out, all women are fair.（烛灯熄，无妍女）
Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares.（女大不中留）
Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can.（娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速）
There are many good women, it’s true;but they are in their graves.（世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧）
He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble.（倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静）
性情类
一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman）弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。
Woman is made to weep.(女子生来好哭)
Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears.（易干不过女子泪）
Woman is made of glass.（女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货）
Glass and lasses are brittle wares.（少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎）
（四）职业中的性别歧视
许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”[3](P210)如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。
二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因
（一）、历史原因
在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造
了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。” [4](P132)英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。
（二）、社会原因
性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5](P113)到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。
（三）、生理原因
记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Has everyone completed his
assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”(the weaker sex)和“他者”(the other);男性始终占据主导地位。” [6](P210)根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6](P219)
三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法
随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。
（一）、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc.2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,comedienne→ comedian.3.写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear Committee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director.（二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策
1.采用复数形式
Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended.2.用We/us/our改写原句
Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.3.改用第二人称
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.4.改用被动语态
Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both.5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录(memos)，便条(notes)，或者非正式的交谈之中。
6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two.Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two.7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡
例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television.When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it.（三）、英语教学作用
在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起着不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负着一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。
四、结论
在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号
化。”[7](P331)传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地
进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8](P287)语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。
从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映 经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9](P267)性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支持与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10](P113)
参考文献
[1] 邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[Ｍ].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989。
[2] 蒋桂红.谚语视野里的性别歧视[Ｊ].宁波大学学报, 2004, 第1期。
[3] 朱伯通等译.哥伦比亚美国文学史[Ｍ].成都:四川辞书出版社,1994。
[4] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性歧视与中性化[Ｊ].外语与外语教学,1998。
[6] 让•雅克•卢梭.洪涛译.论语言的起源[Ｍ].上海:上海人民出版社,2003。
[7] 王德春,孙汝建,姚远.社会心理语言学[Ｍ].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。
[8] 柏子明.英语中的性别歧视及女权运动对英语的影响[Ｊ].四川外语学院学式化报,1999。
[9](美)埃莱娜•肖瓦尔特.走向女权主义诗学.《新女权批评》及序言[Ｍ].纽约:潘修恩图书公司,1987。
[10]朱跃.论英语词义的变化和使用所反映出的对妇女性别的歧视现象[Ｊ].四川外语学院,1995。
一、国庆60周年
新中国成立60周年来，我国发生了翻天覆地的变化，请你据此写一篇120字的英语作文，谈谈自己的感想。要求:
1.列出生活中反映一两件家乡变化的事, 如购新车、住新房等。
2.列出最近发生的一两件国家大事，如成功举办奥运、“神舟七号” 顺利升空等。
3.要表达出你的喜悦和自豪之情，并谈谈你的感想。
Great changes have taken place since our country was founded 60 years ago.In the past we lived in the small and old houses and now we move into new broad ones which are more than one hundred square meters.At the same time, many families have own their new cars.Besides, our country hosted the 29th Olympic Games successfully in 2008 and we took the first place in winning gold medals.Another inspiring event was that the Shenzhou Ⅶ was sent into space smoothly, which shows our scientific research get great achievements.We are very happy and proud of all these achievements.I am sure our country will become even stronger and richer.I love our motherland very much.Let’s work hard to make contribution to our country in the future.二、金融危机下大学生就业
当今我国大学生就业成功率很低，除了全球性的金融危机影响外，还有就是大学生对工作的选择。有的人认为应该优先选择自己喜欢的工作，而不是自己擅长的;另一部分人相反。你班学生就此事进行讨论，请客观地介绍情况并谈谈你的看法。
观点理由
1.一部分人 喜欢比擅长重要。兴趣是最好的老师，精通与擅长的可能性会大大增加等。
2.另一部分 擅长比喜欢重要。擅长更容易成功，后天努力培养兴趣。
3.你……注意：1.短文须包括所有要点, 可适度发挥。
2.开头已为你写好, 但不计人总词数。3.词数:120左右。
Recently the students in our class have discussed the following topic: which is more important for college graduates to choose jobs, being interested in it or being good at it?
Some agree that the love of job is very important because interest is the best teacher.People are often willing to do what they like doing.If you are not good at it in the beginning, you can work hard and gradually improve your skills to make you good at it.Others hold their view that if you are good at it, you have more chances to achieve success very soon.While you work, you can do all you can to gain the interest in it little by little.From my point of view, I think we should make full use of our strengths to change them each other regardless of the fact that you like it or you are good at it.三、低碳经济下的环境保护
“低碳经济”是一个具有广泛社会性的经济前沿理念，最早是在2003年英国政府发布的能源白皮书《我们能源的未来：创建低碳经济》正式提出的。低碳经济包括低碳发展、低碳产业、低碳技术和低碳生活等经济形态，是指在不影响经济发展的前提下，通过技术创新和制度创新，降低能源和资源消耗，尽可能最大限度地减少温室气体和污染物的排放，实现减缓气候变化的目标，促进人类的可持续发展。
Protection of Environment
1.目前环保还存在着许多问题。
2.为了保护环境，3.各国政府做了大量的工作。
4.我的看法。
There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years.One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.the polluted air does great harm to people’s health.The polluted water causes diseases and death.What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot.Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution.Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures.First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education.Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution.Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished.We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.四、不吃早餐不好(No Breakfast No Good)
Now a lot of students go to school in a hurry so that they have no time to have breakfast.But not having breakfast will do harm to their health and their study.Having no breakfast will throw the normal work of our digestive system into confusion.As a result, it will do harm to our health.And at our age it is high time for us to grow up.So our bodies are in great need of energy.If we don’t have breakfast,there will be not enough energy to supply.This may stunt our growth.What’s more, it is a long period between breakfast and lunch.Breakfast provides us with the energy needed for the class.Without breakfast we cannot get along well with our classes.So for the sake of our health and our study, we must have breakfast.不吃早餐不好
现在很多学生上学很匆忙，以至于没有时间吃早餐，但不吃早餐会有害于学生的健康和学习。来源:作文网
不吃早餐会扰乱我们消化系统的正常工作，从而对我们的身体健康产生危害。这个年龄段正是我们长身体的时候，所以我们的身体需要大量的能量。如果我们不吃早餐，就不会提供足够的能量，这会阻碍身体的发育。另外，早餐与午餐之间。的时间很长。·早餐可以为我们提供上课所需的能量，不吃早餐会影响我们上课。所以，为了我们的健康和学，习，我们必须吃早餐。
五、如何交朋友（How to Make Friends)How to Make Friends Everyone needs friends.A friend can give us help and share our difficulties and happiness.But how can we make friends? First, to make friends, you must be friendly to others.Smile at others and you are sure to get a smile in return.You should try to make a stranger feel at home wherever he happens to be.Think more of others than of yourself and never judge a person by his appearance and clothes.Second, friends should negotiate instead of quarrel.When you don’t agree someone, please discuss with him.Finally, never believe in those who leave you when you are in trouble.And never leave your friend when he is in trouble.Remember, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Friends should be faithful to each other.So long as you can put your friend’s interests in front of yours, you will have a lot of good friends.(162 words)如何交朋友人人都需要、朋友。朋友可以给我们以帮助，与我们共事困难和快乐。但是，怎样交朋友呢? 交朋友首先要对别人友善。你对别人微笑；肯定别人也会报以微笑。要使陌生人感到亲切，关心别人要比：关心自己为重，决不以貌取人。其次，朋友之间应该商量而不是争吵。当与别人有分歧时，要和他一起讨论。最后，不要相信那些在危急关头背离你的人，也不要在朋友危难时离开他。记住：患难之中见真情。朋友应该以诚相待。只要你把朋友的利益置于你的利益之上，你就会拥有好多好朋友。
六、请以 The Sport I like Best 为题，写一篇 120 个词左右的议论文。
作文地带提示：
1.乒乓球不仅是一种运动而且是一门艺术。
2.有人认为打乒乓球不用花力气，我却不以为然……
3.你经常发现球快速运动，运动员的动作很美。
4.虽然我打乒乓球不是很好，但对此颇感兴感。它能使我们强身健体，学会合作。
The Sport I like Best
Of all the sports，I like table-tennis best.I think it is not only a sport but also an art，because it is a game that needs strength and skill.Some people think that playing table-tennis needs little strength，but I don’t think so.In playing table-tennis，we should judge the direction of the ball，and hit it back with great strength so that we can win the game.At the same time we need to pick up the ball which falls to the ground.So after one game you will be very tired if you have tried your best.But，as a sport，I think it is more like an art.In the game，you can often find the ball moving quickly，and each of the players’ movements is very beautiful.So I like the sport very much.Though I can’t play it very well，I still show great interest in it.I think playing table-tennis can build our bodies，keep us healthy and train our brains.What’s more，it an help us to learn to co-operate with each other.So I like it very much.七、(我们为什么学习英语Why we learn English)
Why we learn English The English language has become an international language because it is used by people in the most countries in the world now.In the open times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must English because most of them speak and write in English, English is one of the working languages at international meetings, Today, most of valuable books are written inEnglish, If you know mush English, you will read newspapers and magazines in English and learn a lot of knowledge about interaction better.You also can do What you should do for the world peace.English is very important to us, but many students don’t know why;hey should learn it.I hope that all the students should pay more attention to English study and use it freely.(133 words)
我们为什么学习英语 因为世界上大部分国家的人都使用英语，现在英语已经成为一种国际性语言。在改革开放中，如果你想要和外国人做生意，你必须学习英语，固为他们中的大部分人都是用英语说和写，国际会议的语言也是英语。今天，重要的书籍多是以英语出版的，如果你懂得更多的英语，你就可以读英文报纸和杂志，学习更多的国际知识，你就可以为世界和平做出你应该做的贡献。英语对我们很重要，但许多学生不知道他们为什么要学习英语，我希望所有学生都应该重视英语学习井运用自如。
八、On the Internet
在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要的作用。请根据下表所给提示为某英文报写一篇题为On the Internet的征文稿。因特网的主要用途信息 看国内外新闻、获取其他信息通讯 发e-mail、打电话学习上网上学校、阅读各种书籍、自学外语娱乐 欣赏音乐、观看体育比赛、玩棋牌游戏生活 购物注意： 1.征文稿必须包括表内所有信息，行文连贯通顺； 2.词数100－120词； 3.标题已给出，不计入总词数。
On the Internet
The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.（2分）On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well.（4分）We can also send messages by e-mail, make phone calls（4分）, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves.（4分）Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play chess or cards.（4分）On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them.（4分）In a word, the internet has made our life more colorful.九、2007年4月29日上午10点，全国亿万学生阳光体育活动在各地大中小学校同时进行，江苏省1，100万学生积极参与了这项活动 教育部提倡：1.每天锻炼一小.2.健康生活五十年.3.幸福生活一辈子
请你根据以上提示，用英语准备一份发言搞，向同学们讲述一下阳光体育活动的有关情况，并就高三学生是否需要每天花一小时锻炼，谈谈你的看法及理由。
参考词汇：阳光体育活动 a national sports program;
教育部 the Ministry of Education
Good afternoon, everyone.On the morning of April 29,2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of students from primary , middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program.Eleven million students in Jiangsu took an active part in this program.The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise.Although we take an hour a day for exercise.It is well worth it.Taking exercise helps us build up body and keep a clear mind.Therefore, we can work more efficiently.Thank you!
十、Getting up Early ts a Good Habit
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be vigorous the whole day.In fact, spring is the best seasonof a year;morning is the best time of a day.In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than at any other time of the day.If we do some exercises or only take a short walk in the morning, we will be full of energy the whole day.Also we will have enough time to prepare our work of the day if we get up early.In short, getting up early can do us a lot of good.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it.We will certainly benefit a lot from it.早起是个好习惯
从古代起，早起就一直被视为好习惯。很久以前，人们就认为如果我们早睡早起，一整天都会精神饱满。
实际上，一年之际在于春，一日之际在于晨。早晨空气最新鲜，人们的状态通常也最好。很多人可能都有这样的经历，那就是早上记东西比其他任何时间都能记得快、记得准确。如果我们早上做些运动或散步，这一天我们都会精力充沛。而且如果我们能够早起，就会有充足的时间准备一天的工作。总之，早起对我们非常有益。
让我们记住早起是个好习惯，并尽量保持这种习惯，我们必将从中受益不少。
英语作文翻译
鸟女孩介绍了一个小女孩与鸟类友好相处并成为鸟类专家的故事。
她的名字叫做玛丽,在她很小的时候,她搬到了一个新的居住地,由于孤独,她选择了鸟类成为她的朋友.从那以后,在每天早上,拿着望远镜观察鸟儿便成了她的日常活动。随着时间的流逝，她甚至能熟练地辨别不同类型的鸟。她的母亲，更是为她感到高兴，并给予她努力向这方面发展。但是,学无止境,玛丽每天依旧会看到许多不知名的鸟儿.因此,她学的更加刻苦.并开始为儿童们撰写一本关于鸟类的读物.研究鸟类已经不仅仅是玛丽的一个兴趣,更是成为了她生活的一部分,鸟儿为她展开了一幅缤纷的世界画卷.The Bird Girl is a story about a girl ,whose name was Mary Lou Robertson got along well with the birds and finally became a bird expert.When Mary Lou Robertson was a little girl, her family moved to a new neighborhood.Due to the void after her moving,she chose to be a friend of the birds when the loneness struck her.From the day when she made such decision ,it was her routine that she observed the bird s every morning.As time went by,she could even tell the difference between the different kinds of birds expertly.Her mother was so happy that she decided to support her daughter to carry on deeper study.However,there is no end of Mary’s study for there were still a lot of nameless birds found by her every day,as the consequence of which,she studied harder on the birds and began to write books about the birds for children.The study on the birds was not only one of Mary’s interests,but also part of her life,and the birds,in return, gave her a colorful majestic painting of the world.
Bikes or Cars Americans like to go out by car.Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places.So they need cars to go shopping and go to work.And they also like traveling far.Thus a car brings them great convenience.On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets.They don’t need a car to go to work or go shopping.I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won’t cause pollution.自行车还是汽车
美国人喜欢乘汽车外出。尽管越采越多的中国人拥有了汽车，但大部分中国人仍 喜欢骑自行车，这是由很多因素决定的。
众所周知，自行车靠人力，行进慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而对于汽车来 说，虽然它依靠发动机行进很快，但它必须停在停车场。
多数美国人生活在郊区，远离市区及工作地点，所以他们需要汽车来购物、上班，并且他们也喜欢驾车远行。因此汽车给他们提供很大方便。相反，多数中国人居 住在工作地点和市场附近，他们不需要开车去上班或购物。
我喜欢骑自行车外出，因为它花费少而且容易使用。最重要的是自行车不会引起 污染。
Smoking And Health Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world.Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking.Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol.However, smoking is harmful to one’s ,health.It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years.It can also cause many other diseases.In a word, if you smoke, you do h ave a much greater chance of losing your health.Furthermore, scienti fic research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themse lves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and chi ldren.Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so o n Giveup smoking!If you don’t smoke, don’t start.Give upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the sa ke of the whole world.吸烟与健康
现在，吸烟是一个世界范围的习惯，不仅老年人、青年人吸烟，就连中学生 也加入到这个行列中来，他们中的许多人认为吸烟是一种潇洒的象征。
然而，吸烟对人的健康是有害的，它会引起肺癌，在刚刚过去的几年中；许 多人因此而丧命，还可能引发其他的疾病。总之，如果你吸烟的话，你就很可能 失去拥有健康的机会，更进一步说，科学研究显示，吸烟不仅危害吸烟者本人，而且对公共健康来说，也是一个凶兆，尤其是对妇女和孩子。因此，许多国家都 制定了不准在公共场合吸烟的法规，例如：电影院，车站，医院等地。戒烟吧，如果你还未染上，请不要开始；戒烟吧，为了你的健康，为了你的 家庭的健康，为了整个世界的健康。
Keeping Water Sources Clean Who is willing to drink the polluted water? It can cause us to b e ill and even to die.We can’t wait for a moment to protect our wate r sources.The water we use comes from oceans, lakes, rivers or strea ms.But many of these water sources are getting seriously polluted.T owns and cities are pouring dust into the water.Many people are thro wing all kinds of dirty things into the water.Factories are pouring waste material into the water.Therefore, water sources have become so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use.Now it is high time that we should do something to protect our waterenvironment from being polluted.保持水源清洁
污染的水会使人生病甚至死亡，有谁愿意喝这样的水呢?我们要保护水源，刻 不容缓。我们用的水来自海洋、湖泊、河流或小溪，但这些水源有许多正受到严 重的污染。城镇乒把大量的尘埃排入水中，许多人正把各种；各样的脏物投进水 中，工厂正把废物排入水中。因此，水源已经污染严重，其中一些不适合再饮用。现在到了．采取措施保护水环境使其免受污染的时候了。
Water Pollution Today, I read a piece of news in China Daily.It reports that wat er pollution exists not only in Haihe River but aIso in some other ri vers, lakes and seas in our country.Everyone agrees that water pollution is a serious problem today.Rivers, lakes and even oceans all over the world are bec0mingpolluted by garbage and dangerous chemicals.Oil and other chemicals can kil l fish and make water unsafe for drinking Polluted water is a hazard to everyone.Now more and more people have realized how serious the problem is.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against p ollution.We’ve done a good deal of work, but there’s still a long wa y to go.We must keep on fighting until we find ways to protect the e nvironment from being polluted, and do away with pollution.We are su re that we’ll win the battle.Goodbye, water pollution!
水污染
今天，我读了《中国日报》的一则新闻。据报道，在我们国家，水污染不仅存 在于海河中，也出现在其他河流、湖泊和海洋中。
大家一致认为水污染已是当今的严重问题。世界范围内的河流、湖泊甚至 海洋都受到垃圾和危险的化学制剂的污染。石油和其他化学品可以杀死鱼，使水 变得不能饮用。被污染的水对每个人都是有害的。
现在，越来越多的人都认识到这个问题有多重。我们政府止努力制定措施与 水污染作斗争。我们做了许多工作，但还有很长的路要走。我们要坚持斗争，直 到我们找到解决环境污染的办法。我们相信，我们能打赢这场战斗。再见，水污染!
Is Watching TV a Good Thing Television has changed people’s life much since it was invented.No w it has become an important part of modem life.People enjoy themselves after hard work by Watching TV.They can see some plays, some stories,some sports matches without going out o f home, and without spending much money in buying tickets.TV progra mmes make people’s life more interesting.People learn much from TV.Students can study by watching some e ducational programmes.People can see news, weather reports;program mes about science and computers.People all over the world can learn from each other and get knowledge when they are watching TV.But not all the progranunes are ,good enough.Today, there are too many programmes about sexy and crime.Some young people become ba d because they learn from the bad people in those programmes.And wa tching TV usually takes too much time.It’s not good for people’s wo rk and study.It’s not good foi’ their eyes, either.People all over the world are watching TV.Is watching TV a good thing or a bad one? I think it depends on people themselves.If one can choose good programmes and he doesn’t spend too much time on TV, it can be a good thing for him.看电视是一件好事情吗
电视自从发明后，就大大改变了人们的生活。现在的电视已成为人们生活中 重妻的一部分。
人们通常在辛勤工作后，通过看电视来享受生活。他们足不出户就可欣赏一些精彩的表演、连续剧和体育比赛，也不必花很多钱买票。电视节目使人们的生 活变得更有趣。
人们从电视中学到很多东西。学生能通过看教育节目来学习，人们能看新闻、天气预报、有关科学和电脑的节目。世界各地的人们通过看电视互相学习，相互 了解。
但并不是所有的节目都足够好。如今的电视节目中有太多关于色情和犯罪的 片段。有些青年变坏就是因为受了电视上坏人的引诱。电视看得太多还会耽误时 间，影响学习和生活，对视力也不好。
世界各地的人们都在看电视。看电视是一件好事情，还是一件坏事情呢?我认 为这取决于自己。只要大家有选择，有节制，看电视就是一件好事情。
How to Get Along Well with Others In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in e very walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people.To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ alway s say what we mean.Lies will surely make people stay far away from u s in the long run.After all,honesty is the best policy.Second, we h ave to be humble enough.If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other’s respect, not to mention “friendship” Finally, we must not b e selfish.We should learn how to show concern for others.As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.怎样与人相处
在我们日常生活中，不免会有与人打交道的时候，所以对我们采说懂得怎样 与人相处是很重要的。要想与别人很好相处，并赢得友谊，就必须做到以下所述： 首先，要诚实守信地对待别人，说谎一定会使人远离你，诚实是最好的策略。其次，就是要有足够的虚心。假如我们在公共场合自傲，我们很难赢得别人的尊 重，更不用提友谊了。最后，我们不能自私，我们必须友善待人，我们必须关心 别人。
当我们遵守上述所说的去与人相处，你就会发现：与人相处其实并不难。
